Abou TOBACO TREE

NICOTIANA TABACUM Linn. TABAKO
Local names: Tabaco (Sp.); tabako (Tag.); tbaku (Sul.); tobacco (Engl.).
Tabako is cultivated throughout the Philippines, and in some provinces it is the major commercial crop. A native of tropical America, it is now planted in all warm countries.
It is a coarse, erect, viscidly-hairy, annual herb 0.7 to 1.5 meters in height. The leaves are large, elliptic-ovate to oblong or obovate, 10 to 30 centimeters long or longer, narrowed at the base, and sessile or short-stalked. The inflorescences are terminal. The calyx is green, ovoid or tubular, an 1 to 1.5 centimeters long, with five triangular-lanceolate teeth. The corolla is white and pink, linear, funnel-shaped, and about 5 centimeters long, with very numerous, minute seeds.
Wehmer records that the leaves contain a toxic alkaloid, nicotine (C10H14N2) 0.6 to 9 per cent, and three other alkaloids: nicoteine (C10H12N2), nicotelline (C10H8N2), and nicotinine and (C10H14N2). Besides these, betaine, iamylamine, pyrrolidine, and n-methyl pyrroline, etc., resin, albumen, gum, extractive matter, and ash containing a large amount of salts, such as sulphates, nitrates, chlorides, phosphates, malates and citrates of potassium, ammonium, calcium, etc., have been isolated.
The leaves are official in the Austrian (1-5); Belgian (1.2); British (1-3); Danish (1-5); French (1-4); Finnish (1-3,5); German (1-4); Greek (1-3); Mexican (1-4); Norwegian (1-2); Portuguese (1-3); Rumanian (1-3); Russian (3,4); Serbjan (1); Spanish (2-5); Swedish (1-7); Swiss (2,3); United States (1-8); Venezuelan (1,2); and Indian Pharmacopoeias. The seeds are official in the Spanish (2-5) Pharmacopoeias.
Guerrero reports that in the Philippines the fresh leaves are used in poultices as a sedative and maturative. A decoction of the dried leaves is used in enemas for expelling certain intestinal worms.
According to Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk the dried leaves of ordinary tobacco are used as styptics.
According to Nadkarni the juice of the leaves is sedative and antispasmodic and a powerful insecticide. The dried leaves are powerfully sedative (lowering arterial tension), nauseating, emetic, and sometimes purgative. Nicotine is highly toxic. It affects both the central and peripheral nerves and increases the activity of the secreting glands. It causes at first a rise and then a fall in blood pressure and induces contraction of the stomach wall, resulting in nausea and vomiting. The respiration is at first rapid and shallow, then somewhat deeper, but eventually becomes weaker, death resulting finally
from paralysis of respiration. Nicoteine appears to be somewhat more poisonous than nicotine. Tobacco used in moderation causes in those accustomed to its use, a gentle exhilaration or a state of quietude and repose. Its excessive use produces dyspepsia, general anemia, amblyopia from neuritis, and cardiac distress. Nadkarni quotes Professor Hull, who, after an exhaustive investigation of the physiological and psychological effects of smoking, has recently declared that smoking “markedly increases the pulse rate and markedly increases the tremor of the hand, thus confirming and extending the results of earlier observers.”
Nadkarni reports that tobacco-smoking is resorted to with excellent effect in many cases of coughs, whooping cough, obstinate hiccups, spasmodic laryngitis, asthma, nervous irritability, and sleeplessness. Tobacco stuff is useful in nasal polypi, nasal catarrh, headache, chronic giddiness, and fainting. Tobacco leaves are heated and applied to the abdomen in colic and gripes. Their ashes, mixed with oil, are a useful application to bleeding sores. The Pharmacopoeia of India records that as a local application, the leaves have been used for relieving pain and irritation in rheumatic swelling, for syphilitic nodes, and for skin diseases.

ACACIA TREE FOR SHURUP

ACACIA CONCINNA (Willd) DC. ACACIA
Mimosa concinna Willd.
Mimosa rugata Lam.
Acacia rugata Ham.
Acacia philippinarum Benth.
Acacia concinna is found in La Union, Benguet, and Ilocos Sur Provinces in Luzon, in thickets at low and medium altitudes. It also occurs in India to southern China and Malaya.
This is a scandent prickly shrub reaching a height of 4 to 5 meters. The branches are gray and armed with short, sharp prickles. The leaves are pinnately compound, 15 to 15 centimeters long, and with 8 to 10 pairs of pinnae. The rachis has one gland near the base, and one or two near the apex. The leaflets number 20 to 32 pairs on each pinnae, are linear-oblong, being 8 to 10 millimeters in length, and have a pointed tip and subtruncate base. The midrib is oblique. The panicles are terminal, in the upper axils, and ample. The heads are yellow about 1 centimeter in diameter. The pods are straight, somewhat fleshy, flat, 7 to 10 centimeters long, and about 2 centimeters wide.
According to Kirtikar and Basu the soft parts of the dried berries contain 5 percent of saponin. They state that the pod is acid, bitter, and singularly pungent; and that medicinally, it is deobstruent in cases of jaundice and other biliary derangements and is besides, used by the Indians for washing the head.

In 1983, the Hepatitis Study Group at RITM, in collaboration with the Liver Study Group at the UP-PGH was established with the main thrust of conducting research on hepatotrophic viruses, especially the hepatitis B and C viruses. Utilizing tools in molecular biology, molecular epidemiology, immunology and socio-behavioral sciences, the program’s objectives are directed towards better understanding of the extent of hepatitis problem in the Philippines and the development of cost-effective measures for the control of viral hepatitis as well as the containment of many chronic liver disease sequelae associated with the infection.
Hepatitis B virus infection continues to be a public health problem in the Philippines. The need to suppress the spread of this highly contagious disease is one of the primary concerns of the Department of Health. Since 1980, the DOH has been promoting Hepatitis B surveillance and control programs, which include mass immunization, health education and information, and screening of blood and blood products for transfusion. Due to the rising cost of imported diagnostic kits to screen blood for the different hepatitis B markers, the need to produce the reagent was conceptualized.


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Through the joint effort of the UP-PGH Liver Study Group, RITM and the Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC) for constant supply of hepatitis contaminated human plasma for research and development, the production of local reagents for Hepatitis B diagnosis was initiated. The transfer and establishment of the technology for the purification of native HBs antigens from human blood was made possible through the cooperation of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
The hepatitis laboratory at RITM has been successful in developing diagnostic kits from purified HBs antigens and antibodies. These were used in detecting HBsAg using RPHA (reverse passive hemagglutination assay), anti-HBs using PHA (passive hemagglutination assay) and anti-HBc using HI (hemagglutination inhibition) tests. However, enzymeimmunoassays (EIAs) have been shown to surpass these diagnostic methods in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Recently, under a PCHRD grant the group embarked on developing a ‘dip-stick’-based enzyme immunoassay that will meet the need for simple, rapid and sensitive method for detecting HBsAg and anti-HBs in serum or plasma. While there is considerable benefit in purifying native HBsAg from rejected blood donors, the same is not true for the core antigen (HBc) because of the latter’s very small yield. The program now attempts to generate sufficient amount of recombinant core antigen from HBV DNA isolate to develop the test kit for anti-HBc.
Community-based studies on Hepatitis B were started in 1987. In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, the protective effect against the hepatitis B surface antigen carrier-state of a one-dose HBV immunization was compared with the standard three-dose regimen. This study on the immunogenicity and efficacy of the Hepatitis B vaccine among Filipino infants was done to assess possible implication, for optimal use, of the vaccine in the expanded program for immunization (EPI). Several studies were also initiated, namely: 1) The detection and direct sequencing of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome in human sera by DNA amplification techniques; 2) Distribution of HBV subtypes and genotypes and identification of vaccine and immunodiagnostic escape variants; and 3) The molecular virological aspects and clinical spectrum of Hepatitis C in the Philippines.
The program will thus continue to support the production and development of improved immuno-diagnostic kits for Hepatitis B. Future directions of the program will include: 1) Sero-epidemiology of Hepatitis E virus and other hepatothropic viruses; 2) production of structural and non-structural HCV protein by recombinant DNA technology; 3) In-situ hybridization technique of HBsAg among hepatocellular carcinoma cases; 4) purification of HBsAg for use in the immuno-histochemistry to detect antigen in tissues; and 5) characterization of HBV vaccine escape mutants and their incorporation in vaccines.

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